Amos 5

Amos follows the ancient style of a funeral song, a dirge. He mourns the death of unidentified people who serve as symbols of Israel—a nation headed for elimination from the world map. Assyrian invaders will defeat Israel in 722 BC and deport Jewish survivors of the battles into what is now Iraq.

Bethel and Gilgal were the main worship areas in the northern Jewish nation of Israel. Jewish law, however, required them to worship only in Jerusalem. Moses warned the people that once they arrived in their future homeland, they were to worship in only one central location: “The LORD your God will choose one worship center for the entire nation of Israel. That’s where all your tribes will come to worship” (Deuteronomy 12:5). Jerusalem became that site, in Judah’s tribal territory along the border with Benjamin’s tribe (2 Chronicles 6:6). Northern rulers of Israel didn’t want their people returning to Jerusalem to worship. They feared reunification under one king from David’s descendants. And it wouldn’t be them.

Some say “Beersheba” reads like a late addon by some editor. Beersheba wasn’t in the northern nation of Israel. It was in the southern nation of Judah, south of Amos’ home in Tekoa. The addition of this city into the poetry messes up the staccato cadence, or meter. And Amos skips telling us what will happen to the city. But some scholars speculate that people in Israel may have traveled there to worship at the home of Abraham, father of the Jewish people.

“Joseph’s family” or descendants is another name for the northern Jewish nation of Israel. Joseph seems to have been Jacob’s favorite son. Joseph had two sons, Ephraim, and Manasseh. Each family grew into a tribe. So, technically, those two tribes were the only descendants of Joseph. Both tribes were in Israel.

Moses asked God what his name was, and God said Moses should tell the Israelite ancestors of the Jews that his name is “I AM” (Exodus 3:14). In the original Hebrew language, the name is spelled with only consonants—no vowels. It’s an ancient shorthand to save hides used to make scrolls. The name is YHWH. Without knowing which vowels, most scholars have settled on YAHWEH, pronounced YAH-way. Most English Bibles translate that name as LORD in all capital letters. “Lord” in lower case letters means “master.” God’s name is so sacred to many Jews that they refuse to speak it. Instead, they’ll use names that describe the character of God, such as El Shaddai or Adonai, which means “my Lord.” Many won’t even write the name. In English, they’ll spell the name G-d.

These may be hired mourners. People in ancient times often hired mourners the way we hire musicians and ministers to help us honor the lives of our loved ones.

The Hebrew term for “pass through” can describe what a sharp sword does to flesh and bone. But this may also be a reference to the first Passover, when the LORD’s messenger—perhaps the LORD himself—passed through Egypt and took the lives of all the people born first in their families. This was the 10th and final plague, which convinced Egypt’s king to free Moses and the Hebrew ancestors of today’s Jewish people. This comparison in Amos paints Israel as the new version of an ancient and evil Egypt (Exodus 12:12).

Bible writers talk about a “day of the LORD” or “on that day” or “day of visitation” or “there’s a time coming.” It’s a day that can go in one of two directions. It can be a good day—a day God comes to save his people. It’s something to look forward to. Some scholars trace the idea back to what happened when God came to Egypt and with 10 plagues, he freed the Israelites. But it can also be a fearful day to people at odds with God. To them, it is Judgment Day. But to people on good terms with God, his arrival for Judgment Day or any other reason is welcome. The prophet Joel describes it in graphic terms as a terrible day when invaders destroy sinful Jerusalem (Joel 1:15; 2:11). Obadiah uses the phrase that way as well. But to God’s people, it can also be a time of salvation (Joel 2:32).

This was the most common animal sacrifice. Worshipers burned the entire animal. See Leviticus 1.

A peace offering, described in Leviticus 3, is one of several prescribed offerings in Jewish tradition. When Jewish people wanted to give thanks to God for something, such as good health or safety, they would sacrifice a sheep, goat, cow, or bull. They would burn part of the animal, including the kidneys and fat covering the intestines. They would eat the rest in celebration, often with family and friends. It takes a fair number of hungry people to eat a cow. But people were eager to eat meat because it was rare in Bible times for common folks to eat meat, many Bible scholars say.

Israel and Judah had a lot of part-time streams that came and went with the rainy season of winter and with the springtime rains. Locals today call them “wadis.” Amos says God is demanding something more than occasional justice. He wants justice as constant as a river that runs high and hard every day of the year.

In a time and place where livestock and grain were scarce, the Hebrew ancestors of today’s Jewish people didn’t have to follow the sacrificial laws religiously. Moses set them up, like many other laws, for use once the people became established in the land.

The Hebrew word here for lift is nasa. A fine acronym for a space agency.

Scholars are left guessing about what to do with this verse. One guess among Jewish scholars is that Sikkuth (or Sakkuth) refers to a regional god of the sky, Shikutz. The guess is that Amos used that god because its name sounds so much like the Hebrew word for disgusting, ritually filthy things that aren’t kosher: shikutz. If we look hard enough, we can find the sound of an English word for something disgusting. The etymology of that English word, which some might say when they hear a police siren directing them to pull over, doesn’t go back into the Hebrew. But the sound does.